The basic qdr architecture has independent read and write datapaths for simultaneous operation. Fpgas, current commercial fpga products are based either on sram or antifuse technologies. Jan 10, 2009 neeraj goeliit delhi plan fpga architecture. Usually, the board will have an eeprom to hold the program bitstream and the fpga will load the bitstream automatically at reset. The design of a srambased fieldprogrammable gate arraypart. Sram based fpgas are becoming increasingly suitable for avionic and space applications due to their flexibility, reconfigurability and capacity as well as their signal processing capabilities. Once the fpga designer develops a logic cell architecture they like, they tend to repeat it. Conventional fpga suffers a lot from its programmable interconnects partly due to extensive use of srambased programming bits, multiplexers or pass transistors, and buffers in the interconnects. As a result, rasp can produce highly optimized designs for various srambased fpga architectures, and can be quickly adapted for new srambased fpga architectures. The present chapter provides an overview of various factors responsible for power consumption in fpga and discusses the design techniques of lowpower sram based fpga at system level, device level, and architecture levels. A new commercial prototype, named the rs family, was used as an example for the investigation. You can copy this pdf to your computer so as to be able to acc. Other techniques are based on protecting the highlevel hardware description before the synthesis in the fpga.
Each kinput lut can implement any function with up to k variables and is comprised of a 2 k sram configuration bits that store the truth table of target boolean function and b 2 k multiplexer that selects the appropriate sram content based on the given. A few noncommercial fpga architectures have been re ported for which the. In module 3 you will learn the pros and cons of flashbased, srambased, and. Since the fpga architecture presents a fixed island style geometric structure of the clock trees, the idea is to incorporate, at the design level, the gating capabilities by inserting a feedback multiplexer in front of the input of the. The design of a srambased fieldprogrammable gate array. To this end, the rest of this chapter is organized as follows. Seu fault evaluation and characteristics for srambased. The flexibility of implementing versatile applications is facilitated by simply loading the target bitstream and reconfiguring the fpga sram configuration bits, divided into logic and routing fabrics. Quick logic pasic fpga is a perfect example of an amorphous silicon antifuse technology. The present chapter provides an overview of various factors responsible for power consumption in fpga and discusses the design techniques of lowpower srambased fpga at system level, device level. A probebased seu detection method for srambased fpgas.
Tcam is implemented on applicationspecific integrated circuit native tcams and fieldprogrammable gate array fpga static randomaccess memory srambased tcams platforms but both have the drawback of high power consumption. A low complexity method for detecting configuration upset. Fpga architecture has a dramatic effect on the quality of the final devices. Since the fpga architecture presents a fixed island style geometric structure of the clock trees, the idea is to incorporate, at the design level, the gating capabilities by inserting. Sram fpga architecture consists of static ram cells to control pass gates or multiplexers. The major advantage of sram based device is that they are infinitely re. How does srambased fpga differ from antifusebased fpga.
The first static memory based fpga called sram is used for configuring both logic and interconnection using a stream of configuration bits. Conventional fpga suffers a lot from its programmable interconnects partly due to extensive use of sram based programming bits, multiplexers or pass transistors, and buffers in the interconnects. A performancedriven general logic synthesis system. Xilinxs 3an series are multidie solutions with a standard srambased part and a spi flash packaged together. Fpga architecture survey and challenges download book. This technique has been recently applied to srambased fpgas 17. An sram static random access memorybased reprogrammable fpga field programmable gate array is investigated for space applications. Xilinx xapp853 qdr ii sram interface for virtex5 devices. Further, fpga devices based on sram are the most susceptible to the adverse e. Srambased fpgas are becoming increasingly suitable for avionic and space applications due to their flexibility, reconfigurability and capacity as well as their signal processing capabilities. The configuration of the fpga architecture is generally specified.
The use of static random access memory srambased field programmable gate arrays fpgas in harsh radiation environments has grown in recent years. Architectureaware bitstream reduction techniques often suggest improving the fpga architecture itself to reduce bits, e. Buy fpgabased system design, 1e book online at low prices in. Introduction qdr sram devices were developed in response to the demand for higher bandwidth memories targeted at networking and telecommunications applications. In proceedings of the 2012 ieee 20th international symposium on fieldprogrammable custom computing machines fccm12. Comparing flash and srambased fpgas electronic products. Automated fault attacks against srambased fpgas pawel swierczynski, georg t. A large set of methods for designing fault tolerance systems in sram based fpgas is described. A reasonable introduction to fpgas can be found in the book. Mitigation of radiation effects in srambased fpgas for space. A resistive rambased fpga architecture equipped with. Lattices are really srambased using a mixed sram flash process with backup storage in the onchip flash. Fpga architectures overview in this short article we discuss modern fpga architectures srambased, flashbased, antifusebased and their applications. In this article, a novel, modular, and brambased switched multiported ram architecture is proposed.
Know about fpga architecture and thier applications. The design of lowpower sram cell becomes a necessity in todays fpgas, because sram is a critical component in fpga design and consumes a large fraction of the total power. Design of high performance sram based memory chip by. Some presented techniques are based on developing a new faulttolerant architecture with new robustness fpga elements. Many fpga vendors implement static memory cells in sram based fpgas for programming. Details of basic fpga logic blocks and different routing architectures are then described. Mitigation of radiation effects in srambased fpgas for. First, an overview of sram based fpga architecture including logic and routing resources is presented in section 2. Seusecure parity prediction multiplier on srambased fpgas. Mar 07, 2015 sram means the chip programming is held in ram or flops or similar. Jun 25, 2009 the point i was trying to make is that all flash based fpgas are not the same. The logic block and routing architecture of the fpga was determined through.
Although many of these solutions have been extensively studied, the recent utilization of fpgas as the target architecture for many. So the jist is that due to the nonvolatile nature of flash, when power is taken away from the fpga, the configuration is still present and is far faster to reconfigure when power is reapplied vs. The altera stratix v has reprogrammable sram configuration and routing, so it needs the external nonvolatile configuration memory. The design of an srambased fieldprogrammable gate array part i. Sram, flash, and antifuse fpgas are programmable, and the program resides in a memory which determines how the logic and routing in the device is configured. Electronics free fulltext analysis of the critical. Introduction fpga field programmable gate array is an integrated circuit containing gate matrix which can be programmed by the user in the field without using expensive equipment. Sram means the chip programming is held in ram or flops or similar. Analysis of the robustness of the tmr architecture in srambased fpgas.
To validate and justify our approach, 512 36 hp srambased tcam has been implemented in xilinx virtex5 field programmable gate array fpga and designed using 65. This is to certify that the work done in the report entitled. In this paper, we describe an areaefficient multiplier architecture based on sramfpga that provides the selfchecking capability against seu faults. Throughout the history of fpgas, luts have been the mainstream logic block adopted by commercial fpga vendors. Architecture of the faultinjection tool we adopted. Memory basics and timing massachusetts institute of. Seu fault evaluation and characteristics for srambased fpga. Configuration bitstream reduction for srambased fpgas by. This chapter targets the evolution of logic and routing fabrics in fpgas toward the era of dark silicon. The control logic is contained in the on board fpga dut tractive in use then the alternative asics. Fpga architecture, technologies, and tools neeraj goel.
Several methods suggest using universal logic models. Pdf analysis of the robustness of the tmr architecture in. The hybrid partitioned sram based tcam logically dissects conventional tcam table in a hybrid way rowwise and columnwise into tcam sub tables, which are then processed to map on their corresponding memory units and match address is produced. Sram based e2rom or flash based tradeoffs antifuse is less area, less power consuming. The first static memorybased fpga commonly called an sram based fpga was. Isolation another important issue is the capacitance at the cblock inputs. This paper presents a preclassifier based architecture for an energyefficient srambased tcam. Sarika anil kumar is a record of research work carried out by him in national institute of technology, rourkela under my supervision and guidance during 201415 in partial fulfillment of. Although the literature and data books contain detailed descriptions of these architectures, there is very. Becker, amir moradi, christof paar, fellow, ieee abstractthis contribution is concerned with the question whether an adversary can automatically manipulate an unknown fpga bitstream realizing a cryptographic primitive such that the underlying secret key is.
As a result, rasp can produce highly optimized designs for various sram based fpga architectures, and can be quickly adapted for new sram based fpga architectures. Pdf analysis of the robustness of the tmr architecture. Faulttolerance techniques for srambased fpgas fernanda. Pdf fpga based architecture for high performance sram. There are numerous techniques to deal with this, from shielding and radhard fabrication to adhoc faulttolerant designs. For your delectation and delight, the cd accompanying this book contains a fullysearchable copy of the design warriors guide to fpgas in adobe acrobat pdf format.
This paper describes the highlevel architectural design of a staticrandomaccess memory programmable fpga. The first classification stage divides the tcam table into several subtables of balanced size. Using versatile place and route vtr tool with the obtained characteristics of the proposed blocks demonstrate that the average area and delay of the proposed fpga architecture are 59. The design of an srambased fieldprogrammable gate array. Static memory cells are the basic cells used for srambased fpgas. Fpga architecture, technologies, and tools neeraj goel iit delhi. Architecture, implementation, and optimization accelerates the learning process for engineers and computer scientists. Index termsfpga, fpga architecture, fpga circuit design. Power efficient dataaware sram cell for srambased fpga. A new reconfigurable clockgating technique for low power.
Fpgas are prefabricated silicon chips that can be programmed electrically to implement digital designs. In this paper, we describe an areaefficient multiplier architecture based on sram fpga that provides the selfchecking capability against seu faults. Architecture paul chow, member, ieee, soon ong seo, jonathan rose, member, ieee, kevin chung, gerard p. To validate and justify our approach, 512 36 hp srambased tcam has been implemented in xilinx virtex5 field programmable gate array fpga and designed using 65nm cmos technology. For datapath and multilevel circuits, the area costs of twolevel implementation quickly become prohibitive. Srambased fpgas require an external nonvolatile memory to hold their configuration pattern, which upon powerup is transferred via serial link into.
You can copy this pdf to your computer so as to be able to access. Chow et al design of srambased fieldprogrammable gate array part ii 323 fig. Inputoutput logic based faulttolerant design technique. This technique has been recently applied to sram based fpgas 17. A performancedriven general logic synthesis system for. The complexity of configuration integrity monitoring has hindered application of these devices in environments where upset is likely. Architecture aware bitstream reduction techniques often suggest improving the fpga architecture itself to reduce bits, e. Static ram cells control passtransistor, transmission gates, or multiplexers. Acharya this is to certify that the work done in the. Ternary contentaddressable memories tcams are used to design highspeed search engines. I had never knew flash based fpga fabrics really existed.
The project focuses on a memory architecture based on the hybrid partitioning concept which emulates the tcam ternary content addressable memory functionality with sram. The proposed design approach, which is based on parity prediction, is able to concurrently detect the seu faults. Srambased fpga systems for safetycritical applications. Fiore semiconductor devices theory and application by james m. Unfortunately, commercialoftheshelf cots sram based fpgas are highly sensitive to ionizing radiation environment such as space or avionic, making. Due to the field programmable gate arrays fpga increased complexity they are in many cases becoming more atfigure 1. National institute of technology rourkela769008 prof. Sram based fpgas are used to program both the logic cells and the interconnects and they have become quite predominant due to their reprogrammability and use of cmos technology, which is known for its low dynamic power consumption, high speed and tighter. The fpga speed is determined by the delay introduced by the logic cells and the routing channels. Fpga field programmable gate array introduction, structure. Pdf significant increase of static power in nanocmos era and, subsequently, the end. In addition to unidirectional ports with fixed readwrite, this switched architecture allows a group of write ports to switch with another group of read ports dynamically, hence altering the number of active ports. Previous studies employing power gating on srambased fpgas have. The term fpga stands for field programmable gate array and, it is a one type of semiconductor logic chip which can be programmed to become almost any kind of system or digital circuit, similar to plds.
On power up, the device transfers the configuration information to the internal sram. A large set of methods for designing fault tolerance systems in srambased fpgas is described. Srambasedfpgasystemsfor safetycriticalapplications. Static ram sram cell the 6t cell wl bl vdd m5 m6 m4 m1 m2 m3 bl q q state held by crosscoupled inverters m1m4 retains state as long as power supply turned on feedback must be overdriven to write into the memory wl bl bl wl q q write. Jan 29, 2020 many fpga vendors implement static memory cells in sram based fpgas for programming. Srambased fpga stores logic cells configuration data in the static memory.
Buy fpgabased system design, 1e book online at best prices in india on. Introduction to emerging srambased fpga architectures in. Sram is organized in 2 banks with separate data and address lines. Introduction to emerging srambased fpga architectures in dark silicon era chapter pdf available in advances in computers january 2018 with 1,261 reads how we measure reads. Presentation overview available choice for digital designer fpga a detailed look interconnection framework fpgas and cplds field programmability and programming technologies sram, antifuse, eprom and eeprom design steps commercially available devices xilinx xc4000 altera max 5000 designers choice.
This paper provides a tutorial survey of architectures of commercially available. Pdf fpga implementation of srambased ternary content. Plan fpga architecture basics of fpga fpga technologies architectures of different commercial fpgas fpga tools fpga implementation flow and software involved hdl coding for fpga. Fortunately or unfortunately, the devices best suited to signal processing and the larger logic density devices tend to be the sram static random access memory based ones. Mcleod, in system reprogrammable lcas provide a versatile interface for a dsp based parallel machine, proceedings of the oxford 1991 international workshop on field programmable logic and applications, w. One of the traditional issues in space missions is the reliability of the electronic components on board spacecraft.
Addressing advanced issues of fpga fieldprogrammable gate array design and implementation, advanced fpga design. The point i was trying to make is that all flash based fpgas are not the same. These types of programmable devices require special mitigation techniques targeting the configuration memory, the user logic, and the embedded ram blocks. The higher power consumption of srambased tcam designs becomes more severe for larger capacities. When a seu occurs in the combinational logic synthesized in the fpga, it corresponds to a bit. Modular switched multiported srambased memories acm. On the other hand, srambased fpgas need a supporting nonvolatile memory to store the con. Impact of cache architecture and interface on performance and area of fpgabased processorparallelaccelerator systems. Related pdf books operational amplifiers and linear integrated circuits theory and application 3rd edition by james m. Buy fpgabased system design, 1e book online at low prices.